A major challenge in the field of environmental peacebuilding is showing the impact of its initiatives. Questions emerge, such as "Which dimensions of post-conflict peacebuilding are more likely to be affected by natural resource management projects?". Although quantitative studies assess the relation between natural resource management programmes and conflict risks, there is less research on what the specific mechanisms involved in implementing projects designed for environmental peacebuilding are.
[This blog is a summary of an article published in the International Affairs Journal. Access the full journal article here.]
The answers to these questions may vary dramatically depending on which actor is responding. An international peacebuilder may have a different idea on which of the many peacebuilding activities should come first as compared to a local expert or to an expert in natural resource management. To answer these questions, we explored the literature and identified dimensions and mechanisms of peacebuilding to assess the impact of natural resource management in post-conflict contexts. Further, we talked to experts at the global, national (Colombia), and local levels in peacebuilding and natural resource management in the context of a project implemented in Caquetá, located in the Amazon Region of Colombia, which enables sustainable land use systems (SLUS) (e.g. agroforestry) with the goal of both mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable peace.
Land is one of the most important resources in post-conflict situations. This is especially true for land-related conflicts, which are among the most common in the tropics. In that sense, the Colombian case is a good example to gather evidence since it shows the overlapping challenges of climate and conflict risks. In Colombia, the state and the FARC guerrillas (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) signed a peace agreement in 2016 that raised hopes of ending more than 50 years of violent conflict. However, after four years, two enormous challenges to implementing the agreement in the Amazon emerged.
First, the departure of the guerrillas created a power vacuum that the state did not immediately fill. Other illegal groups moved into the territories previously occupied by the guerrillas, increasing the vulnerability of certain population groups. This led to an increase in murder rates of social and environmental activists. Second, deforestation rates increased by up to 40 percent in places previously controlled by the guerrillas. The hypothesis is that the de facto forest management imposed by the guerrillas, which prevented peasants and other actors from cutting down forest, is absent.
Sustainable land use systems offer innovative solutions to achieve national and global climate goals such as reducing CO2 emissions by curbing deforestation, while at the same time providing livelihood alternatives and contributing to sustain peace. The case of Colombia shows that peacebuilding activities that foster socioeconomic inclusion, the creation of functional governance structures, and the building of dialogue capacity and a culture of peace are key to evaluate the impact of SLUS projects on post-conflict peacebuilding. National and local experts - including farmers and indigenous communities - acknowledge that there is a lack of skills for actively starting negotiations and conflict transformation processes (e.g. within a value chain development).
This underlines that environmental conservation alone cannot have the desired long-term impact on peacebuilding if dialogue mechanisms are not established and owned by local communities. In addition, it is important to ensure access to national and global markets to include livelihoods as a mechanism for building peace. This also requires interventions in the value chain, for example for cocoa: from deforestation-free sustainable production to global fair marketing. In the long term, improving the incomes of vulnerable populations and creating a sustainable environment, can help reduce a community's vulnerability to illegal economic activities.
Why has the AU been silent on the Ethiopian dam dispute?
Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan are currently engaged in vital talks over the dispute relating to the filling and operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River. While non-African actors are increasingly present in the negotiations, the African Union (AU) is playing a marginal role.
New report assesses critical global security risks of a changing climate
Climate change was more central than ever at this year’s Munich Security Conference (MSC), the leading international forum for senior military, security and foreign policy leaders. The release of the inaugural “World Climate and Security Report 2020” (WCSR 2020) by the Expert Group of the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS) should help policymakers take effective action.
adelphi helps bring climate security to the Munich Security Conference
The mission of the Munich Security Conference is to “address the world’s most pressing security concerns”. These days, that means climate security: climate change is the ultimate threat multiplier, and anyone discussing food security, political instability, migration, or competition over resources should be aware of the climate change pressures that are so often at the root of security problems.
The European Green Deal has made the environment and climate change the focus of EU action. Indeed, climate change impacts are already increasing the pressure on states and societies; however, it is not yet clear how the EU can engage on climate security and environmental peacemaking. In this light, and in the run-up to the German EU Council Presidency, adelphi and its partners are organising a roundtable series on “Climate, environment, peace: Priorities for EU external action in the decade ahead”.